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What is a merge conflict?

Now, try to merge. A merge conflict occurs when two branches you're trying to merge both changed the same part of the same file, Git won't be able to figure out which version to use.

When is merge_Head present?

MERGE_HEAD is present when a merge is in progress. Also, regarding uncommitted changes when starting a merge: If you have changes you don't want to commit before starting a merge, just git stash them before the merge and git stash pop after finishing the merge or aborting it. Interesting - but the manual scares me.

What does merge command do?

This command merges the specified branch into the current branch, but always generates a merge commit (even if it was a fast-forward merge). This is useful for documenting all merges that occur in your repository.

How do merge commits work?

Merge commits are unique against other commits in the fact that they have two parent commits. When creating a merge commit Git will attempt to auto magically merge the separate histories for you. If Git encounters a piece of data that is changed in both histories it will be unable to automatically combine them.

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